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A sector (traditionally, 512 bytes but now 4096 bytes or larger) is the minimum unit that can be read or written.

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Data is recorded in a series of concentric circles or 'tracks', each comprising a number of blocks of data known as 'sectors'. The UEFI specification includes a formal definition of new partition definition known as GPT (GUID Partition Table) which addresses all these problems.Ī hard disk structured as sectors, tracks and cylinders.Ī hard disk consists of one or more platters with a magnetic recording layer on one or both surfaces of each platter.

There is no formal specification, resulting in different sometimes incompatible implementations between different vendors.

Partition types are defined by a single byte, which has resulted in collisions.

There is only a single copy of the partition table, so if it becomes unreadable or corrupt then all is lost.

It's limited to a maximum of 4 partitions, although a somewhat messy kludge allows one of those 'primary partitions' to be subdivided into an arbitrary number of 'logical partitions'.

In fact it can use 2 different addressing methods, which can lead to inconsistencies.

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It uses 32 bit addressing, limiting it to disks no larger than 2TB.In recent years this method has run into severe difficulties for various reasons: The traditional method of doing this was known as MBR (Master Boot Record) in which a table at the start of the disk defines where on the disk each partition resides. Often, a single hard disk (or SSD) will need to be divided into several ' partitions', for quite separate purposes and managed by different programs, such as a filestore for all the operating system and user files, and a recovery partition containing installation files for factory reset. If not reported, you have an old fashioned BIOS. It may indicate UEFI, indicating you have UEFI and you are booted in UEFI mode, or Legacy, meaning your UEFI has booted the machine in BIOS-emulation mode. Under System, look for any mention of BIOS Mode. These or mouse support all indicate that your BIOS is not a BIOS at all but UEFI.Īlternatively, under Windows, press -R and in the box type msinfo32 and press Enter.

Go into the BIOS setup (often this is by pressing F2, F12 or some other key while booting) and search the menus for any reference to SecureBoot, or Legacy vs UEFI boot modes.

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In order to create any kind of boot manager for multi-booting or for full disk encryption it was necessary to use areas of disk which were traditionally unused but not guaranteed to be so by any formal specification.

It ran into severe problems booting disks greater than 2TB.

Its method of booting the operating system was crude and error-prone.

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(All modern operating systems run in 32 or 64 bit mode.)

It could only run in 16 bit mode, restricting it to a mere 1 MB of memory.

It was encumbered by legacy architecture dating back to the 1980's.

There was no formal specification, making it liable to incompatibilities.

When changing BIOS or UEFI settings make a careful note of the values you started with so you can restore them, otherwise you could end up with an unbootable system.

Loading and executing the first stage of the operating system boot sequence.

Performing an inventory of all available hardware and initialising it.

The BIOS or UEFI is responsible for the following tasks:

Traditionally, this has been known as the BIOS, but since around 2011 it has been superseded by a much more powerful program called UEFI (though still often but erroneously referred to as the 'BIOS'). Some have solved it with dedicated hardware to inject a simple program into memory but others, including all PCs and laptops, have an initial program built-in and stored in read-only memory ( flash memory in the case of a PC, the same technology as used in memory sticks).

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This page has been written to help you understand it and the problems you might encounter with it.īecause a computer can't do anything (even loading a program) without a program to tell it how, computers have faced a chicken-and-egg problem ever since the dawn of the computer age: how to load the first program. The pre-boot environment of a computer is controlled by the BIOS, or in modern computers, UEFI.